Britain’s nimble approach in Africa will help us escape the shadow of empire

The last twenty years of international engagement have not been comfortable for the West. In the 1990s, many hoped that we were entering an era of unparalleled Western power and influence, in which our institutions and values would remake a globe of liberal democracies.  Since then we have faced Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Libya, Ukraine, the Sahel, South Sudan, and more. The Arab Spring was bewildering. Emerging states have embraced authoritarian systems. The West’s relative economic power has declined far more rapidly than anyone anticipated (US share of global GDP is approximately half of what it was in 1960, China’s share about ten times larger); and Western institutions have struggled to adapt to economies and states a fraction of our own size.

The answer to all this cannot be isolation. Our world is far too deeply interwoven for that to be in our interest, or that of others. But as Western influence is challenged, we must develop a much lighter, more nimble response to the world, in which we use hundreds of different instruments (including insurance markets, crime agencies, development programs, intelligence, culture, charities, our links with the UN and World Bank, and our own private sector) to nurture relationships, persuade, tackle need and poverty overseas, and protect ourselves. We will often find ourselves often unable to do things we desperately want – or even need – to do. We will have to move very quickly into uncertain openings, without being confident of the outcomes.  This will put a premium not on military or economic power, or traditional aid, but on relationships, partnerships, pragmatism, risk, and a deep and flexible understanding of foreign contexts. Fortunately, this is a historical moment far more suited to Britain than almost any in the past hundred years.

And as a new Africa Minister, I feel, that Africa shows the first glimmers of how Britain might succeed in this new world.  No other continent has forced us to confront modernity – population growth, environmental pressure, poverty, fragility, or urbanisation – in such an extreme form; or such a pace of change – Ethiopia and Rwanda, for example, have moved from famine and genocide into two decades of rapid economic growth. Africa has forced us to be more realistic about Britain’s place in the world – France has real influence in the Sahel, and nothing we have could match the US forces in Djibouti or indeed Chinese investment. But we have also seen the limits to US or Chinese power. And realised how much influence Britain has developed as a result of our commitment to international development. Africa has taught us how to act positively even in environments, where our power is limited – how to work against terrorism in a failed state, introduce Family Planning into a conservative state, find opportunities for British companies in a state-run economy, how to use mobile telephony to support famine victims in Somalia, or how to create jobs in remote parts of the Congo.

Africa has also shown Britain the limits of technocratic solutions to global problems, and the assumption of shared values over the last twenty-five years. We have learned again how everything we do (from trade to development) depends on local politics – how ideology, corruption, power can hamper family planning, but revolutionise school enrolment; fight drug-traffickers; deter the private sector; or favour British investment. Our Prime-Minister has addressed the connections that bind our work by introducing joint-ministers in DfID and the FCO, and deepening cooperation between departments. But these lessons – of the interdependence of our programs, and the centrality of political expertise – have even deeper implications for the way our development, overseas trade, intelligence, immigration and cultural teams will need to cooperate in the future.  

Perhaps most importantly, it is in Africa that we have begun to find and promote the people we will need. Take Ed, for example, who I saw both working with extraordinary charisma, patience, ingenuity and sense of humour in a remote rural school, with class sizes of a hundred and forty, before negotiating with the Minister in the capital. He was able to do this because of a deep-field experience, which is not traditional in the civil service – three years as a teacher in a remote part of Cameroon; a Masters’ degree on education in Africa, another three years in a charity designing district level education programs in Malawi – all before being recruited to take over our education projects in Uganda.

Or take our Ambassador in Ethiopia. There the UK is trying to help address a near-famine; support industrial parks producing T-shirts for Tesco’s; resolve the tensions between Human Rights and a development program which has doubled the incomes of one of the poorest countries on earth; and foster our relations with the African Union (which is headquartered in Addis). She has to address the practical challenges of feeding nomadic communities, the challenges of preventing future droughts, and understand how exactly the local clan politics, make these programs very difficult. Her ability to do this reflects the fact that she has not only worked in both DfID and the Foreign Office at a senior level, but also worked as an anthropologist in remote desert communities of Mali, served in the World Bank, and can speak to the Head of the African Union in fluent French.  

So how did Britain develop such a realistic, creative, coordinated, political approach to Africa – how did it recruit and promote staff with such unusual knowledge and relevant skills? Part of the secret is that our resources and ambitions were far more limited in Africa than in places like Iraq and Afghanistan, and staff were given more freedom to experiment. And it is this lighter footprint, this nimbler, locally-rooted, political approach which might finally allow Britain to escape the long-shadow of Victorian Empire, and rediscover some of the independence, flair, self-knowledge, and pragmatism, which defined us in the Elizabethan era.

 

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